Canary Wharf is one of the most iconic landmarks in London, known for its impressive skyscrapers and bustling business district. But who owns this prestigious piece of real estate?
The answer is quite simple – Canary Wharf is owned by the Canary Wharf Group, a major property development and investment company. The Group is responsible for the management, leasing, and development of the Canary Wharf estate, which covers a vast area in East London.
Established in 1987, the Canary Wharf Group has played a crucial role in transforming what was once a derelict dockyard into a thriving financial hub. Today, it boasts some of the tallest buildings in the UK, housing numerous multinational corporations, financial institutions, and prestigious professional services firms.
The ownership of Canary Wharf has changed hands over the years. In 1995, the Group was acquired by Olympia & York, a Canadian property development company. However, due to financial difficulties, Olympia & York was forced to sell the majority stake in Canary Wharf to a consortium of investors led by Paul Reichmann. Since then, the estate has undergone further development and expansion, cementing its status as a global business destination.
The Origin of Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf, an iconic business district in London, is owned by the Canary Wharf Group. Its origin dates back to the 1800s when the area was mainly a port and trading hub.
The name “Canary Wharf” comes from the West India Dock Company, which owned and operated the docks in the area. These docks were an essential part of London’s maritime trade and played a significant role in the city’s growth as a global trading center.
However, with the decline of the shipping industry in the 20th century, the West India Docks fell into disrepair, leading to their closure in the 1980s. This decline presented an opportunity for redevelopment, and the Canary Wharf Group, a consortium of developers, acquired the land.
The vision behind the revitalization of Canary Wharf was to transform it into a modern and dynamic business district, attracting global businesses and creating employment opportunities.
| Key Points | |
|---|---|
| Location | East London, near the Isle of Dogs |
| Ownership | Canary Wharf Group |
| Redevelopment | 1980s onwards |
| Main Features | Tall office buildings, shopping malls, entertainment venues |
Today, Canary Wharf is a thriving hub for finance, media, and technology companies. It boasts a skyline adorned with skyscrapers, including the famous One Canada Square, making it one of the most recognizable landmarks in London.
With its prime location and state-of-the-art infrastructure, Canary Wharf continues to attract businesses, investors, and visitors from around the world, contributing significantly to London’s economy.
The Initial Developers of Canary Wharf
The iconic business and residential district of Canary Wharf in London is owned by a number of entities, but it was originally developed by two companies: Olympia and York and the British Railways Board.
Olympia and York, a Canadian property development company, played a significant role in the construction of Canary Wharf. The company, founded by the Reichmann brothers, built the first office building in the area, 1 Canada Square, which quickly became the symbol of Canary Wharf. Olympia and York’s ambitious vision for the district helped transform the derelict docks into a thriving financial hub.
The other major player in the initial development of Canary Wharf was the British Railways Board. As the owner of the railway land surrounding the Canary Wharf area, the British Railways Board entered into a joint venture with Olympia and York to develop the site. This partnership allowed for the construction of transportation infrastructure, including the extension of the Docklands Light Railway and the creation of the Canary Wharf station.
Olympia and York:
Olympia and York’s expertise in property development and their financial resources were instrumental in ensuring the success of Canary Wharf. The company’s commitment to creating a modern and innovative business district attracted numerous international companies, leading to the rapid growth of Canary Wharf as a global financial center.
British Railways Board:
The British Railways Board brought valuable transportation infrastructure expertise to the development of Canary Wharf. Their involvement in the joint venture enabled the efficient connectivity of Canary Wharf to the rest of London through the extension of the Docklands Light Railway and the creation of the Canary Wharf station.
In conclusion, the initial developers of Canary Wharf were Olympia and York, a Canadian property development company, and the British Railways Board. Their combined efforts transformed the derelict docks into the thriving business and residential district that it is today.
Breakdown of Ownership
Canary Wharf is owned by a consortium of international investors.
The consortium, known as the Canary Wharf Group, is made up of several major companies and investment funds. The largest shareholder is Qatar Investment Authority, which owns a 20% stake. Other significant shareholders include Brookfield Asset Management, the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, and the China Investment Corporation.
The breakdown of ownership is as follows:
| Shareholder | Ownership Stake |
|---|---|
| Qatar Investment Authority | 20% |
| Brookfield Asset Management | 20% |
| Canada Pension Plan Investment Board | 15% |
| China Investment Corporation | 10% |
| Other investors | 35% |
These investors have been instrumental in the development and growth of Canary Wharf, transforming it into one of the most iconic business districts in the world.
Major Shareholders of Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf is owned by a number of major shareholders, including:
- The Qatar Investment Authority, which is the largest shareholder with a 28.5% stake in the company.
- The Brookfield Property Partners, which is a global real estate company and owns a 22.25% stake in Canary Wharf.
- The China Investment Corporation, which has a 9.9% stake in the company.
- Franklin Mutual Advisors, an American investment management company, with a 7.25% stake.
These are just a few of the major shareholders of Canary Wharf. The ownership of the company is diversified among various institutional and individual investors, making it a highly sought-after investment property.
Companies Occupying Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf is owned by a number of companies, which have offices and headquarters in this prime business district.
British Land Company PLC
One of the companies that owns Canary Wharf is the British Land Company PLC. They are a real estate investment trust and property developer, and they have a significant presence in the area.
Songbird Estates PLC
Songbird Estates PLC is another company that owns a stake in Canary Wharf. They are a property investment and development company, and their ownership in Canary Wharf gives them a strong position in the London commercial property market.
Oxford Properties Group
Oxford Properties Group, a subsidiary of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS), is also a major owner of Canary Wharf. They are a global real estate investment and development firm, and their investment in Canary Wharf demonstrates their confidence in the area’s potential for growth.
These are just some of the companies that own Canary Wharf, and their investment in the area contributes to its status as a leading global business district.
| Company | Ownership |
|---|---|
| British Land Company PLC | Major owner |
| Songbird Estates PLC | Stakeholder |
| Oxford Properties Group | Major owner |
The Role of Canary Wharf Group
Canary Wharf Group is the company that owns and manages Canary Wharf, one of the most iconic business districts in London. It is a major player in the development and management of commercial real estate in the United Kingdom.
The group is responsible for the overall development and maintenance of the Canary Wharf estate. It is involved in the planning, design, and construction of new buildings and infrastructure, as well as the management of existing properties.
Ownership
Canary Wharf Group is owned by Brookfield Property Partners, a global real estate company based in Canada. Brookfield acquired a majority stake in Canary Wharf Group in 2015, making it the majority owner of the company.
Brookfield’s ownership has provided the financial resources and expertise needed to continue the growth and development of Canary Wharf. This has allowed the group to attract and accommodate a wide range of international businesses and organizations.
Canary Wharf’s Impact
Canary Wharf has become a symbol of modernity and economic power in London. It is home to some of the world’s leading financial institutions and corporations. The district offers state-of-the-art office spaces, luxury residential properties, and a wide range of retail and leisure facilities.
As a major business hub, Canary Wharf plays a vital role in London’s economy. It creates thousands of jobs and generates billions of pounds in revenue each year. The district also contributes to the city’s skyline and serves as a center for innovation and entrepreneurship.
The Canary Wharf Group has played a crucial role in shaping the development and success of this vibrant business district. Its commitment to quality and sustainability has made Canary Wharf a desirable location for businesses and residents alike.
Factors Attracting Companies to Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf is a major business district in London, known for its impressive skyline and iconic towers. The area is owned by Canary Wharf Group plc, a joint venture between Qatar Investment Authority and Brookfield Property Partners.
There are several factors that attract companies to Canary Wharf:
| Location | Infrastructure | Transportation |
|---|---|---|
| Canary Wharf’s prime location in east London makes it easily accessible for businesses and employees. It is situated near major transportation hubs, including London City Airport and the Canary Wharf Underground Station. | The infrastructure in Canary Wharf is top-notch, with modern office buildings equipped with state-of-the-art facilities. The area also offers a wide range of amenities, including restaurants, shops, and leisure facilities. | The transportation network in Canary Wharf is well-developed, with excellent public transportation options. The area is served by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which provides convenient connections to other parts of the city. |
Furthermore, Canary Wharf offers a dynamic and vibrant business environment. The district is home to a diverse range of companies, including financial institutions, multinational corporations, and startups. This vibrant community fosters collaboration and innovation, making it an attractive destination for businesses.
In addition, companies in Canary Wharf benefit from the supportive business ecosystem and networking opportunities. There are various industry events, conferences, and networking groups that facilitate knowledge sharing and business development.
Overall, the combination of its strategic location, world-class infrastructure, excellent transportation links, vibrant business community, and networking opportunities make Canary Wharf a highly desirable destination for companies.
Infrastructure Development in Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf, owned by the Canary Wharf Group, is a prime example of successful infrastructure development in London.
The Evolution of Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf, located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, is a major business district that has undergone significant transformation over the years. Initially, it served as one of the busiest ports in the world, playing a key role in the import and export of goods to and from London. However, with the decline of the docklands in the mid-20th century, the area faced economic challenges and was eventually abandoned.
In the 1980s, the abandoned docks of Canary Wharf caught the attention of a group of investors who recognized the potential of the area. Led by Sir George Iacobescu, this visionary group set out to transform the derelict wharf into a thriving commercial and residential hub.
Key Features and Amenities
The development of Canary Wharf has brought about state-of-the-art infrastructure and a range of amenities that cater to the needs of businesses and residents alike. The area is home to several iconic skyscrapers, including One Canada Square, which was once the tallest building in the UK.
Canary Wharf boasts excellent transportation links, with its own Jubilee Line underground station and easily accessible Docklands Light Railway (DLR) connections. This makes it a convenient and well-connected destination for businesses, employees, and visitors.
The area also offers a wealth of retail, dining, and entertainment options, with the Canary Wharf Shopping Centre and the Crossrail Place providing a diverse range of shops, restaurants, and cultural experiences.
Contributions to London’s Economy
The development of Canary Wharf has made a significant economic impact on London. It has attracted multinational companies, financial institutions, and professional services firms, making it a major financial center that competes with the City of London. The influx of businesses and professionals has created thousands of jobs and contributed to the growth and prosperity of the city.
Additionally, the development has spurred further infrastructure improvements and regeneration projects in the surrounding areas, benefiting the wider community and enhancing the overall appeal of East London.
Overall, the successful infrastructure development of Canary Wharf by the Canary Wharf Group has not only revitalized a once neglected area but also transformed it into a thriving and dynamic district that plays a vital role in London’s economy.
The Economic Impact of Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf is a major business district located in London. It is one of the most iconic skyscraper clusters in the world and is known for its impressive skyline.
Who owns Canary Wharf? The district is owned by the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) and Brookfield Property Partners. QIA, a sovereign wealth fund of Qatar, purchased a majority stake in Canary Wharf Group in 2015, making it the largest shareholder. Brookfield Property Partners also holds a significant ownership stake in the district.
The economic impact of Canary Wharf is significant. The district has transformed the derelict Docklands area into a thriving hub for business and finance. It is home to numerous global companies, including financial institutions, media organizations, and law firms.
Canary Wharf has created thousands of jobs, not only within its office buildings but also in the surrounding areas. The district has stimulated economic growth, attracting investment and driving innovation. Many ancillary services, such as restaurants, cafes, shops, and hotels, have been developed to cater to the needs of the workers and visitors to the area.
Furthermore, Canary Wharf has had a positive impact on the property market in London. The development of high-quality office spaces and residential properties has increased demand and contributed to rising property prices in the surrounding areas.
In summary, Canary Wharf, owned by the Qatar Investment Authority and Brookfield Property Partners, has had a substantial economic impact. It has revitalized the Docklands area, created jobs, attracted investment, and stimulated economic growth. The district continues to be an important center for business and finance, driving innovation and contributing to the overall prosperity of London.
Impact on London’s skyline
Canary Wharf, who is owned and operated by the Canary Wharf Group, has had a significant impact on London’s skyline. The iconic towers that make up the financial district are a major contribution to the city’s architectural landscape.
These skyscrapers, such as One Canada Square, dominate the horizon and can be seen from miles away. Their sleek and modern design stands in contrast to the historic buildings found in other areas of London. The towering structures serve as a symbol of the city’s status as a global financial hub.
In addition to their visual impact, Canary Wharf has also played a crucial role in the economic development of London. The presence of large multinational corporations and financial institutions has attracted talent and investment to the city, fueling its growth and transforming it into one of the world’s leading financial centers.
The development of Canary Wharf has spawned a number of other projects in the surrounding area, further enhancing the skyline. As more companies and individuals are drawn to the district, additional buildings and infrastructure are being built, creating a dynamic and ever-evolving urban landscape.
In conclusion, Canary Wharf’s ownership by the Canary Wharf Group has had a profound impact on London’s skyline. The iconic towers have become a symbol of the city’s global influence and have contributed to its economic success. The ongoing development and growth of the district ensure that its impact on London will continue for years to come.
Future Development Plans for Canary Wharf
The future of Canary Wharf is an exciting one, with ongoing plans and projects set to transform the area into an even more dynamic and vibrant hub. As of now, Canary Wharf is owned by the Canary Wharf Group, a consortium of international investors.
One of the main development plans for Canary Wharf is the expansion of its commercial and residential spaces. This includes the construction of new office buildings, retail spaces, and luxury apartments. With the aim of attracting more businesses and residents, the expansion will create additional job opportunities and enhance the already bustling atmosphere of the wharf.
Another key focus of the future development plans is to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly environment. Canary Wharf aims to implement various eco-friendly initiatives, such as improving waste management systems, promoting green transportation options, and integrating renewable energy sources into its infrastructure.
In addition, the plans also include the enhancement of public spaces and amenities. This involves the creation of new parks, gardens, and recreational areas for the enjoyment of both residents and visitors. The aim is to make Canary Wharf a more welcoming and inclusive destination, where people can relax, socialize, and escape from the bustling city life.
Furthermore, the development plans include the improvement of transportation links and infrastructure. The goal is to further connect Canary Wharf with the surrounding areas, making it easily accessible for commuters and residents alike. This will involve the expansion of public transportation options, as well as the implementation of smart city technologies to enhance convenience and efficiency.
Overall, the future development plans for Canary Wharf are focused on creating a sustainable, vibrant, and accessible destination. With continued investment and innovation, Canary Wharf is set to further solidify its position as a global business district and a highly desirable place to live and work.
Environmental Considerations in Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf is a major financial district located in East London, known for its iconic skyscrapers and bustling business activities. With its modern architecture and high-rise buildings, the area stands as a symbol of London’s financial prowess.
When it comes to environmental considerations, Canary Wharf is owned by Canary Wharf Group plc, a company that places a strong emphasis on sustainable development and environmental responsibility. The company is committed to minimizing its ecological footprint and has implemented various initiatives to preserve the environment.
One notable initiative is the recycling and waste management program. Canary Wharf Group encourages businesses and residents in the area to recycle and reduce their waste. The company provides easily accessible recycling bins and educates the community on the importance of responsible waste management.
In addition to waste management, Canary Wharf Group prioritizes energy efficiency within its buildings. The company has implemented energy-saving measures, such as advanced cooling systems and smart lighting, to reduce energy consumption. These efforts not only reduce the environmental impact of the buildings but also result in cost savings for tenants.
Furthermore, Canary Wharf Group is dedicated to promoting biodiversity in the area. The company has implemented green spaces, such as parks and gardens, to provide habitats for local wildlife and improve air quality. These green spaces also serve as relaxation areas for employees and residents, contributing to the overall well-being of the community.
Overall, Canary Wharf is not only a hub for business and finance but also a leader in environmental sustainability. The efforts and initiatives implemented by Canary Wharf Group demonstrate their commitment to preserving the environment and creating a greener future for the area.
Cultural and Leisure Facilities in Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf, owned by Canary Wharf Group, is not only a thriving business district but also a hub of cultural and leisure facilities. The area offers a wide range of activities and amenities for residents, workers, and visitors alike.
One of the key cultural establishments in Canary Wharf is the Museum of London Docklands. This museum explores the history and heritage of the docklands and provides insight into the area’s transformation over the years. It showcases exhibits that highlight the stories of the people who lived and worked in this bustling port.
For art enthusiasts, the Canary Wharf Art Collection is a must-visit. This collection features over 70 permanent outdoor sculptures and installations, created by renowned artists. Whether it’s contemporary art or classical sculptures, the artwork displayed throughout the area adds a touch of creativity and beauty to the surroundings.
Canary Wharf is also home to a range of leisure facilities. The Crossrail Place Roof Garden is a hidden oasis amidst the bustling city. This lush green space offers a tranquil setting with beautiful plants and stunning views. It’s a perfect spot to relax and unwind, away from the hustle and bustle.
If you’re looking for entertainment, the Everyman Cinema provides a unique movie-watching experience. With its comfortable seating and state-of-the-art technology, it offers a luxurious way to enjoy the latest blockbusters and art-house films. You can also enjoy a variety of restaurants, cafes, and bars that cater to different tastes and cuisines.
Overall, Canary Wharf provides a vibrant mix of cultural and leisure facilities, showcasing the diversity and creativity of the area. Whether you’re interested in history, art, nature, or entertainment, there is something for everyone to enjoy in this thriving district.
Transport Connectivity to Canary Wharf
Canary Wharf, a major financial district in London, is known for its excellent transport connectivity. Located in the East End of London, Canary Wharf is owned by the Canary Wharf Group, a British property company. The group acquired the wharf in the 1980s and has since developed it into the thriving business hub it is today.
Tube and DLR
One of the key factors contributing to Canary Wharf’s success is its accessibility by public transport. The wharf is served by two major transport networks – the London Underground’s Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).
The Jubilee Line connects Canary Wharf to other important business and tourist destinations in London, such as Bond Street, Waterloo, and Stratford. It provides fast and reliable transportation for those commuting to and from Canary Wharf.
The DLR, on the other hand, is an automated light railway system that serves the Docklands area. It connects Canary Wharf to various parts of East London, including Bank and Stratford. With frequent services and spacious trains, the DLR offers a convenient way for residents, workers, and visitors to travel to and from Canary Wharf.
Thames Clippers
In addition to the underground and DLR, Canary Wharf also benefits from its location on the River Thames. The wharf has its own riverboat pier, where Thames Clippers offer regular services to various locations along the river, such as Greenwich, London Bridge, and Westminster.
Travelling by boat not only provides a unique and picturesque journey, but it also offers an alternative mode of transport that can help ease congestion on the roads and trains.
Moreover, many commuters and business professionals find it a pleasant and relaxing way to travel, as they can sit back, enjoy the views, and even get some work done during the journey.
| Transport Option | Destinations |
|---|---|
| London Underground (Jubilee Line) | Bond Street, Waterloo, Stratford |
| Docklands Light Railway (DLR) | Bank, Stratford |
| Thames Clippers | Greenwich, London Bridge, Westminster |
Canary Wharf’s Contribution to London’s Financial District
Canary Wharf is a major financial hub in London that plays a significant role in the city’s finance industry. It is owned by various entities that have made significant contributions to the development and success of London’s financial district.
Who owns Canary Wharf?
Canary Wharf is owned by a group of investors, including sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and private companies. It is managed and operated by the Canary Wharf Group, which is responsible for the day-to-day management of the estate.
Contribution to London’s Financial District
Canary Wharf has made a substantial contribution to the growth and development of London’s financial district. It has attracted prominent financial institutions, including banks, insurance companies, and asset management firms, which have set up their offices in the area.
This concentration of financial services has created a vibrant and competitive business environment, fostering innovation and collaboration among industry leaders. The presence of these institutions has helped establish London as a global financial center, attracting international investors and businesses.
Moreover, Canary Wharf’s state-of-the-art infrastructure and modern office spaces have provided a conducive environment for businesses to thrive. The area offers a range of amenities, including restaurants, shops, and cultural spaces, enhancing the quality of life for professionals working in the financial district.
Additionally, Canary Wharf plays a vital role in supporting the local economy by generating employment opportunities. The financial institutions based in the area employ a significant number of individuals, contributing to job creation and economic growth.
In conclusion, Canary Wharf’s ownership and its contributions to London’s financial district have made it a crucial part of the city’s finance industry. It has attracted major financial institutions, provided world-class infrastructure, and supported the local economy, establishing London as a global financial powerhouse.
Benefits and Criticisms of Canary Wharf’s Ownership Structure
The ownership structure of Canary Wharf, one of London’s most iconic business districts, is a subject of great interest and debate. Understanding the benefits and criticisms of its ownership structure is essential in assessing the overall impact of this renowned financial hub.
Benefits:
One of the significant benefits of Canary Wharf’s ownership structure is the diversity of ownership. The area is not controlled by a single entity or corporation, but rather a variety of investors and stakeholders, including international businesses and private individuals. This diverse ownership helps ensure a healthy level of competition and prevents any single party from gaining too much control over the development and operations of the wharf.
Another advantage is the financial stability provided by large institutional investors. Many of the firms that have invested in Canary Wharf have extensive financial resources, allowing for long-term stability and resilience, even in challenging economic times. This stability has attracted numerous businesses and multinational corporations to establish their presence in this vibrant business district.
Criticisms:
Despite its benefits, Canary Wharf’s ownership structure has also faced some criticism. One criticism is the perceived lack of local representation and influence in decision-making processes. As the majority of the owners are international investors, there is concern that the interests and needs of local communities may be overlooked in favor of global financial considerations.
Additionally, some critics argue that the ownership structure has led to rising property prices, making it increasingly difficult for small businesses and local residents to afford to live and work in the area. This has resulted in a potential lack of economic diversity and social cohesion within Canary Wharf.
However, it’s worth noting that efforts have been made to address these criticisms. The Canary Wharf Group, which manages the estate, actively engages with local communities and stakeholders to ensure their voice is heard in decision-making processes. They also invest in affordable housing and community development programs to promote inclusivity and diversity.
Overall, while there are both benefits and criticisms of Canary Wharf’s ownership structure, its diversity of ownership and financial stability have contributed to its success as a global financial hub. Continual discussions and efforts to balance the needs of both local and international stakeholders are crucial in maintaining its position as a thriving business district.
Question-answer:
How did Canary Wharf get its name?
Canary Wharf got its name from the Canary Islands, as the islands were named after the large number of wild dogs (canis) found there. The area was originally named West India Docks, but it was renamed Canary Wharf in the 1990s to give it a more modern and distinctive identity.
Who owns Canary Wharf currently?
Canary Wharf is owned by a consortium of companies led by the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) and Brookfield Property Partners. QIA owns a 28.5% stake in Canary Wharf Group, while Brookfield owns a 22.5% stake. Other stakeholders include China Investment Corporation (15.9%), The Investment Corporation of Dubai (17.45%), and several smaller investors.
How much did the Qatar Investment Authority pay for its stake in Canary Wharf?
The Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) paid £2.6 billion for its stake in Canary Wharf in 2015. This was part of a larger deal in which QIA acquired a 9.9% stake in Songbird Estates, the company that owns Canary Wharf Group.
What is the history of ownership of Canary Wharf?
Canary Wharf has had several owners throughout its history. It was initially built and owned by the Port of London Authority in the 1970s, but the development faced financial difficulties and the ownership was transferred to the Canary Wharf Group in 1995. In 2004, Canary Wharf Group was acquired by a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley. The Qatar Investment Authority and Brookfield Property Partners became majority owners in 2015.
What are the future plans for Canary Wharf?
The future plans for Canary Wharf include further development and expansion of the business district. The Canary Wharf Group has outlined a vision for the area, which includes the construction of new office buildings, residential properties, and public spaces. The goal is to transform Canary Wharf into a vibrant and diverse neighborhood that offers a mix of commercial, residential, and leisure facilities.
Who owns Canary Wharf?
The Canary Wharf Group, a British property company, owns Canary Wharf.
How did the Canary Wharf Group acquire ownership of Canary Wharf?
The Canary Wharf Group acquired ownership of Canary Wharf in 1995 through a consortium named Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited Partnership.
What is the value of Canary Wharf?
The value of Canary Wharf is estimated to be around 7.8 billion pounds.
Are there any plans for development in Canary Wharf?
Yes, there are ongoing plans for development in Canary Wharf, including the construction of new residential buildings and the expansion of retail and leisure facilities.
Is Canary Wharf owned by a single entity?
No, Canary Wharf is not owned by a single entity. It is owned by a consortium of different investors and companies.